As Daniel Kofi Nakpah holds a goat which will be offered to the shrine, Kwasi Millah (center, brown cloth) pours libations at the base of Lelɛɛ Wurache's tree while others look on. The occasion was prompted by the request of the Banda Research Project group to conduct archaeological excavations at Kuulo Kataa. Outskirts of Dompofie, June, 2000.
Gbԑԑnlԑԑ Katoo in Gbao celebrates the funeral of the caretaker of a shrine who was understood to have been killed by the 'fetish' because of harm he allegedly planned against family members. In this case, the funeral involves special forms of drumming, dancing and songs as part of a thanksgiving to the shrine. Here, left, Kwabena Nika plays a double gong while to his right Abena Gyakari and Ma Millah sing and play calabash rattles. The drums being played are those specifically associated with the shrine. Gbao, 8 August, 1986.
Rights:
Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial
Publisher:
University of Victoria Libraries
Location(s) Facet:
Gbao
Subjects:
Rattles; Gbԑԑnlԑԑ (Gbeenlee) Katoo
Subjects Facet:
Drums (musical instrument); Rites and ceremonies; Funeral customs and rites; Gourd, Calabash; Gongs
Archaeological excavations focused on a collapsed house mound are in progress at Makala Kataa "Station 10." Archaeologists have left "balk" walls between 2 x 2 meter units as a way to study the mound's stratigraphy. Headpans for carrying excavated soil to nearby screens for sieving sit beside the excavation units. Scattered around the sides of the units are short-handled hoes which the excavation team uses to carefully scrape the soil as they dig. Graduate students Maria Dores Cruz and Leith Smith direct the excavation team while Tolԑԑ Kofi Dwuru III (Nana Millah), visiting the site from Ahenkro, stands to the right in black cloth. Makala Kataa, July 1994.
Yaa Tenabrԑ, a Nafana potter, stands as she begins to pull a clay lump upwards and outwards, using a draw-and-drag (direct pull) technique to form the walls of a clay pot. The clay rests on a metal plate (kpankpa in Nafaanra) supported by a wooden stump. She moves clockwise around the stump, using her left hand to draw clay up from the center of the lump and her right hand to shape and thin what will become the walls of the pot. As she pulls and smooths the clay, she forms the upper body and rim of the pot. The finger marks visible at this stage of the pot's forming show the direction in which she pulls the clay as she works. These marks will be smoothed away as she continues to form the pot. She uses a maize cob (bedjukaan in Nafaanra) as a tool to shape and smooth the pot's walls. She uses a spatula-like tool to thin and further smooth the surface. When she is finished forming the body and rim, she will set the clay jar aside to dry on the wooden pallet on which it rests. Once dry, she will add a rounded base to the pot. Five photos. Dorbour, 1994.
View from the small hill west of Kabruno, looking southeast towards the hills near Boase. The villages of Kabruno and Gbao are visible in the foreground. Banda area, 23 July, 1982.
Ama Donkor, a Nafana potter, sits as she uses moist clay to form the base of a soup pot (chiin sinyjͻlͻ in Nafaanra). She is adding the base to a body and rim that she made the day before and set aside to dry. The clay pot rests on a metal plate that she can turn as she works (kpankpa in Nafaanra). She adds small lumps of clay as she gradually builds the rounded base of the pot. Three photos. Dorbour, 1994.
View to the southeast from the Banda hills above Ahenkro and Kabruno. The villages of Kabruno, Sase, Gbao, Samwa and Dompofie are visible beyond the first range of hills. The road leading south to Sabiye appears as a thin white line. In the background are the hills near Boase. Hills west of Ahenkro, 31 August, 1982.
Two young boys tend to a pretend tobacco drying barn that they have built on the south side of Ahenkro, near to where tobacco is being processed. A functional drying barn is visible in the background (center) alongside large piles of wood that will be used to fuel it. Two photos. Ahenkro, 1995.
View from the mountain ridge above Ahenkro, looking west toward Côte d'Ivoire across Bui National Park, a wildlife protected area since 1971. Hills west of Ahenkro, 31 August, 1982.
Newly grated and guttered road leading northward from Ahenkro toward Bongase viewed from the north edge of Ahenkro. The Banda hills are visible in the background. July, 1994
View from the small hill west of Kabruno, looking east-southeast. Left, the range of hills near Fawoman. Right, the northern end of the Obase hills. Rooftops in Dompofie and Gbao are visible in the foreground. Banda area, 23 July, 1982.
By 1994, work on the 4th Republic Road (as it was then known) extended the grated motorable road from Kanka to Nyire. View to the west on the approach to Kanka, Banda mountain range visible in the distance. July, 1994.
View looking northwest to the small hills (left) on western outskirts of Kabruno. Main range of Banda hills is visible in the background (right), with savanna woodland vegetation in the foreground. Hills west of Ahenkro, 31 August, 1982.
View looking southeast from the Banda hills above Ahenkro. The grid of Banda-Ahenkro's streets and rooftops is visible in the distance. In the background (right) are the eastern range of hills near Boase. The south end of the hills near Fawoman is visible, upper left. Hills west of Ahenkro, 31 August, 1982.
Members of the 1994 archaeological excavation team at Makala Kataa. Team members included a National Service and a staff member from the Ghana National Museum, American graduate students and Banda men from Ahenkro and Makala. Back row (L-R): Kwame Bio, Samuel Babatu, __, Kwame Anane, Donkor Johnson, Timothy Fordjour, Daniel Mensah, __, Yaw Francis, __, __, Kwadwo Manu. Middle row (L-R): __, Kwame Abrifa, Kwasi Peter, Amos Bediako, Kwabena Mensah, Kofi "Photo" Manu, Yaw Frimpong, Alex Ababio. Front row (L-R): Caesar Apentiik, Ann Stahl, Maria Dores Cruz, Obour Bartholomew, Kwasi Ali, Obimpeh Blorpor, Leith Smith, Victor Mattey, Osei Kofi, Brian Thomas. Also pictured are Frank Osei Kofi, Seth Tahara, Kwame Menka, Kwame Okyei, and Thomas Bio. Makala Kataa, July, 1994.
The road to Bui Village was a rough track that ran west and north out of Bui Camp, headquarters of the Bui National Park. Bui Village is visible in the foreground of the mountain. The mountain lies to the north of the Black Volta River and formed part of the ridge used to construct the Bui Dam. The people of Bui Village were relocated beginning in 2010 and their former home flooded as Bui lake formed behind Bui Dam after 2013.
A new road (the "4th Republic Road") connecting Kanka directly to Ahenkro and bypassing Kabruno was built in about 1993. The newly grated road is seen here from the north side of Kanka, looking northward toward Ahenkro, visible in the distance. June, 1994.
By 1994, work on the 4th Republic Road (as it was then known) extended the grated motorable road from Kanka to Nyire. Westward view mid-way between Nyire and Kanka, June, 1994.
View to the southeast from the Banda hills above Ahenkro. In the foreground is the first range of the Banda hills near Ahenkro. In the distance (center) is the range of hills near Boase. Hills west of Ahenkro, 31 August, 1982.
A woman carries a load of calabashes (chrԑ in Nafaanra) en route to Kabruno from Ahenkro during the dry season. View looking south from the south edge of Ahenkro on the old road that led directly into Kabruno. December, 1982.
Canoes belonging to Ewe fishing communities rest on the south bank of the Black Volta River near the Bui Dam site. Prior to the construction of Bui Dam, these canoes were used to ferry passengers between the north and south banks of the river and for fishing. Opposite, riparian woodland lines the river's north bank. Dam Site settlement, December, 1982.
Rights:
Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial
Publisher:
University of Victoria Libraries
Location(s) Facet:
Dam Site
Subjects:
Dam Site
Subjects Facet:
Bui Dam (Ghana); Canoes; Riparian forests; Black Volta River; Ewe (African people)
View to the west of the mountains near Ahenkro, standing on the south edge of town. Foreground is the soccer field and its improvised goal. To the right of a large tree (center, right) is the iron-roofed clinic staffed by a government nurse. In the distance, to the right of the soccer goal, is a wooden shed that housed one of the first diesel-powered corn grinding mills established in Ahenkro. Ahenkro, July-August, 1986.
Paramount chief Tolԑԑ Kofi Dwuru III (Omanhene) dances to the rhythms of fontomfrum and atumpan (in Twi) drums at the celebration of the New Yam Festival (Finyjie Lie in Nafaanra) in the Ahenkro palace. He wears a blue-and-white strip woven cloth of the type previously made from locally spun and dyed cotton thread. Two photos. Ahenkro, 28 July, 1986.
Rights:
Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial
Publisher:
University of Victoria Libraries
Location(s) Facet:
Ahenkro
Subjects:
New Yam Festival; Palace; Fontomfrom drums; Atumpan drums
Subjects Facet:
Drums (musical instrument); Chiefs; Dance; Music; Rites and ceremonies
During the 20th century, potting took place primarily in villages west of the Banda hills (Dorbour, Dumboli, Bondakile). But based on oral histories and archaeological evidence we know that pottery was made more widely across the area in earlier centuries. Here Ann Stahl makes notes on an old clay pit located east of the Ahenkro-Bongase road a short distance south of Bongase. Chuli mountain is visible in the distance. Tall grass characteristic of the rainy season covers the area. South of Bongase, 1990.
A canoe belonging to an Ewe fishing community rests on the south bank of the Black Volta River near the Bui Dam site. Prior to the construction of Bui Dam, these canoes were used to ferry passengers between the north and south banks of the river and for fishing. Opposite, a path leads to the Ewe fishing community of Agbegikrom. The mountain behind formed part of the gorge where the Bui Dam was later built (from 2008). Dam Site settlement, 1990.
Rights:
Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial
Publisher:
University of Victoria Libraries
Location(s) Facet:
Dam Site
Subjects:
Dam Site
Subjects Facet:
Bui Dam (Ghana); Canoes; Black Volta River; Mountains; Ewe (African people)
View of the gap in the Banda hills near Ahenkro, standing on the south edge of town, looking southwest. To the right of the tree (center) is the iron-roofed clinic staffed by a government nurse. Blocking the view of the clinic is a wooden shed that housed one of the first diesel-powered corn grinding mills established in Ahenkro. Ahenkro, July-August, 1986.
A Makala elder pours libations at the site of Makala Kataa to open work on a Friday. He is accompanied by two members of the 1994 Banda Research Project excavation team, both from Makala. L-R: __, __, __. Makala Kataa, 1994.
View toward Côte d'Ivoire from the mountain ridge above Ahenkro, looking west across Bui National Park, a wildlife protected area since 1971. Hills west of Ahenkro, 31 August, 1982.
Banda Research Project excavation team members at work on Mound 118 at Kuulo Kataa. Wooden stakes mark the corners of 2x2 meter excavation units, several of which are in progress. North American students Leith Smith (white hat and shirt) and Alex Caton (far right) are pictured along with men from Dompofie and Ahenkro. View looking northward. Kuulo Kataa, 1995.
View of the Banda hills from the Boase road, close to the base of the Boase range of hills, looking northwest. Visible (center) is the gap in the hills midway between Ahenkro and Bongase. To the right (north) is the notch in the mountain in an area known as Chuli. The hills to the far right are those associated with the Bui Dam site. Boase area, 11 October, 1982.
View looking west to the gap in the Banda hills near Ahenkro, standing on the south side of town. To the far left stands the Banda Traditional Council building put up by the colonial government. To the right is the metal-roofed house assigned to the government nurse stationed in town to run the small clinic. Ahenkro, 1990.
The Black Volta River passes through a gorge in the Banda hills near Bui. This is the site where the Bui Dam was built with construction beginning in 2008. View from a canoe, mid river, looking west. Bui Dam site, 1990.
Spindle whorls (gԑndԑ kaan in Nafaanra) are made by Muslim men in Kokua, a village on the Sampa-Asri road. Here a man decorates fired clay whorls, applying bands of colors (white, red, yellow) to their dark surface. He applies the color using a stylus, twisting the whorl to create horizontal bands around the whorl's circumference. In the foreground a finished spindle whorl sits on top of unpainted whorls in a metal pot. A bundle of thin wooden spindles sits at the man's foot, next to a calabash that holds white pigment. Yellow pigment is held by another container, possibly a turtle shell (carapace). Next to it, a red pigment stone (ochre) rests on a heavily worn grinding stone. The beauty of such a painted spindle whorl inspired the Nafaanra proverb "Chlͻ were nyu na gԑndԑ yi" (The woman is as beautiful as the spindle whorl.") Archaeological examples of whorls found on late 18th- and 19th-century sites in the Banda area are often shaped like these from Kokua, but few show signs of paint, perhaps because it has worn off during use. Kokua, 1994.
A man in Dompofie makes a basketry tray (gbrewa in Nafaanra). He uses a (metal?) tube as a frame. First the warp slats are placed at intervals on the frame. Then the weft slats are interwoven with the weft, starting from the center and working outward to the edges. Trays like this could be used in crop processing or for temporarily storing foodstuffs. A finished, well-worn basketry tray is visible, upper left, leaning against a pole. Dompofie, 1995.
A spindle (gԑndԑ in Nafaanra) and a spindle whorl (gԑndԑ kaan in Nafaanra) used to make cotton thread. A black camera lens cap shows scale. For much of the 20th century, spinning was a routine activity for women. Some of the spun cotton thread was dyed blue. The blue thread was woven together with white thread to make durable strip-woven cloths that were highly valued. The rounded spindle whorl is made from fired clay and painted with white and red designs. The spindle whorl's decoration inspired the Nafaanra proverb: "Chlͻ were nyu na gԑndԑ yi" (The woman is as beautiful as the spindle whorl." Archaeologists have found spindle whorls on Banda-area archaeological sites dating to the late 18th and early 19th century. Before that time it seems that spinning cotton was not a routine household activity and that cloth was made in market centers. The spindle whorl is laying on a courtyard floor, with an eroding plaster layer visible in the background. Gbao, September, 1982.
Surface next to the deep clay pit where potters form Bondakile mine the clay they use for making pottery. Piles of excavated clay surround the pit. Bondakile, October, 1982.
These partially formed clay jars (chͻ in Nafaanra) are drying, resting on the palette (kpankpa in Nafaanra) on which they were formed. Once dried to a leather-hard state, the potter removes them from the plate and, using fresh moist clay, adds a rounded base to the jar. To the left, a metal cooking vessel rests nearby. Bondakile, October, 1982.
A toddler girl wearing a protective strand of beads sits beside finished clay grinding bowls that have been set aside to continue drying before firing. The scoring on the interior of the bowl provides a rough surface against which cooked vegetables can be ground into a paste before being added to a soup. These bowls may also serve as men's eating bowls (pԑԑ in Nafaanra). Bondakile, October, 1982.
At the Bui Dam site a path through riparian forest leading to the Black Volta River is lined with water level measurement poles. These were placed when Soviet engineers began construction of the dam under Nkrumah's government. Ann Stahl stands in white pants. Bui Dam site, 1990.
Rights:
Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial
Publisher:
University of Victoria Libraries
Location(s) Facet:
Dam Site
Subjects:
Vegetation
Subjects Facet:
Bui Dam (Ghana); Riparian forests; Black Volta River
A plastic bowl holds pieces of animal bone that have been burned at a high temperature (calcined). Calcined bone turns white and its texture becomes chalky. Women periodically rub this bone chalk on their fingers to aid handling of the cotton as they spin to make cotton thread from raw fiber. Also in the bowl is a round clay spindle whorl (gԑndԑ kaan in Nafaanra) painted with white lines and a daub of white-and black cloth. Gbao, September, 1982.
The earthen walls of a house on one side of a multi-room compound have collapsed, the walls filling in the area that was once the house floor. The thatched roofs of other rooms around the open courtyard can be seen in the background. Sabiye, 1994.
View of excavation units at Mound 2, Station 10, Makala Kataa. Wooden stakes mark grid points at 2 m intervals and string is used to mark the boundaries of 2 x 2 m excavation units. A deep pit in the corner of Unit 82W 14S (bottom, left) has been excavated and is set up for being photographed with a scale and photo board. Several Banda Research Project team members work as children look on. View to the south. Makala Kataa, July, 1994.
Banda Research Project team member Ann Stahl sorts pottery sherds recovered through excavations at Makala Kataa. Once sorted, she will prepare an inventory of sherd forms and decorations. A group of children have gathered and look on. Ahenkro, 1990.
A man in Sabiye weaves a fiber mat (dԑnglԑ in Nafaanra) using 'gbannaa'. The mat is rolled and he works on its outer edge. Mats like these were pliable and used in a variety of ways. People slept on them within their houses. When people died, they might be wrapped in one of these valuable mats before being buried. Two photos. Sabiye, 1994.
Two men (left) stand on the edge of a deep pit previously mined by potters from around Bui Village as a source of potting clay. The deep clay pit was used before the mid-20th century when potters were still practicing their craft east of the Banda hills. The clay pit was located along a stream which drained into the Black Volta on its south bank, on the road leading west from Bui Village. The pit was located in an area later flooded by the rising waters of Bui Lake after construction of the Bui Dam. A red-and-white 2 meter photo scale stands upright in the pit to show the pit's depth. West of Bui, 1989.
Banda Research Project team member Mensah Listowell processes soil samples from Makala Kataa using a bucket flotation method. The large head pan is filled with water into which he lowers a wire mesh basket filled with soil. As he gently shakes the basket, the soil dissolves and passes through the basket mesh. He uses a small mesh ladle to skim the seeds and charcoal ("light fraction") that float to the top of the water inside the basket. The "heavy fraction" which remains in the basket after the soil has washed away will be set aside to dry. It will be sorted for small artifacts like beads that may have been missed during excavation. Ahenkro, 1994.
Banda Research Project team members Courtney Amos (left) and Molly Sugrue (right) process artifact bags containing pottery at the Banda Cultural Centre. Ahenkro, July, 2001.
Banda Research Project team member Enoch Mensah stands at the base of a deep excavation unit (2W 2S) in Mound 101 at Kuulo Kataa. The 2 x 2 meter excavation unit at surface was narrowed to a 1 x 2 area in lower levels of the unit. He lifts up the ladder used to access the base of the unit. The stratified layers of the deep midden mound are visible in the unit's side walls. Kuulo Kataa, 1995.