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Start Over Subject(s) gourd, calabash

1. Male and female heads of family, Loobia Katoo, 1986

Description:
Family history interview with Elders of Loobia Katoo dressed in customary attire for the Yualie Festival celebrated at the harvest time for sorghum and millet. Loobia Katoo supplies the custodian of the Jafun shrine to which offerings are made during the Yualie Festival. The family brought the shrine to Banda from Senyon (Northern Region) during the time of Dabla, paramount chief of Banda. In the background (left) calabash (gourd) bowls (chrԑgbͻͻ in Nafaanra) are set out to dry. Left: custodian of the Jafun shrine, Kwadwo Kamiekunu (Jafun Bͻͻnyiifun); right: Amman Nyiimor (female head), 24 July, 1986.
Rights:
Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial
Publisher:
University of Victoria Libraries
Relation:
https://exhibits.library.uvic.ca/spotlight/iaff/catalog/17-17488
Location(s) Facet:
Ahenkro
Subjects:
Family history; Loobia Katoo
Subjects Facet:
Rites and ceremonies; Oral history; Gourd, Calabash
Creator:
Dr. Ann B. Stahl
Contributors:
Dr. Ann B. Stahl; James Anane
Date searchable:
1986
Date searchable:
1986-07-24
Genre:
Black-and-white negative
Genre Facet:
Black-and-white negative
Format:
Image
Location(s):
Ahenkro;8.164591, -2.355672
Date Digitized:
2016
People Facet:
Dr. Ann B. Stahl
Commentary:
Negative scanned by Veronique Plante
Geographic Coordinates:
8.164591, -2.355672

2. Preparing calabash at farm, Banda, 1982

Description:
A group of men work together, gathered at farm, processing calabash (gourd; chrԑ in Nafaanra) for market sale. The calabash is split, its pulpy interior removed, and the gourd's interior surface scraped clean before drying. Shavings from this thinning process are scattered about on the ground. Several children are gathered nearby as the men work. A basket sits next to a pile of prepared calabash bowls (chrԑgbͻͻ in Nafaanra). Farm near Ahenkro, August, 1982.
Rights:
Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial
Publisher:
University of Victoria Libraries
Location(s) Facet:
Banda
Subjects:
Calabash; Men's work
Subjects Facet:
Lagenaria siceraria; Baskets; Agriculture; Gourd, Calabash; Cash crops
Identifier:
22
Creator:
Dr. Ann B. Stahl
Contributors:
Dr. Ann B. Stahl
Date searchable:
1982
Date searchable:
1982-08
Genre:
35 mm slide
Genre Facet:
35 mm slide
Format:
Image
Location(s):
Banda
Date Digitized:
2019-05-28
People Facet:
Dr. Ann B. Stahl
Commentary:
Slide scanned by Mark McIntyre

3. Amma Bio, Gbaŋmbɛ Katoo, Sanwa, 1986

Description:
Amma Bio of Gbaŋmbɛ Katoo demonstrates the dance associated with sinyeele (balo or xylophone) music played at funerals. Male family head Nyua Kwadwo plays the sinyeele. Lying beneath the partially assembled instrument are calabashes that serve as resonators and produce the instrument's distinctive sound. A small wooden stool lies on its side nearby. Sanwa, 6 August, 1986.
Rights:
Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial
Publisher:
University of Victoria Libraries
Relation:
https://exhibits.library.uvic.ca/spotlight/iaff/catalog/17-17506 ; https://exhibits.library.uvic.ca/spotlight/iaff/catalog/17-16697
Location(s) Facet:
Sanwa
Subjects:
Family history; Gbaŋmbɛ [Gbangmbe] Katoo
Subjects Facet:
Music; Balo; Funeral customs and rites; Dance; Oral history; Gourd, Calabash; Xylophone; Stools
Creator:
Ann B. Stahl
Contributors:
Dr. Ann B. Stahl; James Anane
Date searchable:
1986
Date searchable:
1986-08-06
Genre:
35 mm slide
Genre Facet:
35 mm slide
Format:
Image
Location(s):
Sanwa;8.142199, -2.372039
Date Digitized:
2016
People Facet:
Ann B. Stahl
Commentary:
Slide scanned by Veronique Plante
Geographic Coordinates:
8.142199, -2.372039

4. Funeral celebration, Gbao, 1986

Description:
Gbԑԑnlԑԑ Katoo in Gbao celebrates the funeral of the caretaker of a shrine who was understood to have been killed by the 'fetish' because of harm he allegedly planned against family members. In this case, the funeral involves special forms of drumming, dancing and songs as part of a thanksgiving to the shrine. Here, (L-R) Abena Gyakari, Akua Bedu and Akua Asԑmpasa play calabash rattles as a young man to the right plays an apentemma (Twi) drum. Three photos. Gbao, 8 August, 1986.
Rights:
Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial
Publisher:
University of Victoria Libraries
Location(s) Facet:
Gbao
Subjects:
Rattles; Gbԑԑnlԑԑ (Gbeenlee) Katoo
Subjects Facet:
Gourd, Calabash; Drums (musical instrument); Funeral customs and rites; Rites and ceremonies
Creator:
Dr. Ann B. Stahl
Contributors:
Dr. Ann B. Stahl
Date searchable:
1986
Date searchable:
1986-08-08
Genre:
;35 mm slide
Genre Facet:
35 mm slide
Location(s):
Gbao;8.147021, -2.362744
Date Digitized:
2016
People Facet:
Dr. Ann B. Stahl
Commentary:
Slide scanned by Veronique Plante
Geographic Coordinates:
8.147021, -2.362744

5. Interior of a compound house, Makala, 1994

Description:
A youngster helps a woman remove a loaded headpan as she approaches the thatch-roofed veranda of a room in a compound house. A variety of metal containers used to prepare food and for other household tasks are placed about, along with several calabash bowls and low stools used in this kitchen area. A headpan containing dishes rests on a cluster of hearth stones, lower right. Makala, July, 1994.
Rights:
Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial
Publisher:
University of Victoria Libraries
Location(s) Facet:
Makala
Subjects:
Headloading; Metal pots; Headpans
Subjects Facet:
Stools; Thatched roofs; Gourd, Calabash; Courtyards; Lifting and carrying
Identifier:
27
Creator:
Dr. Ann B. Stahl
Contributors:
Dr. Ann B. Stahl
Date searchable:
1994
Date searchable:
1994-07
Genre:
35 mm slide
Genre Facet:
35 mm slide
Location(s):
Makala;8.142358, -2.383358
Date Digitized:
2016
People Facet:
Dr. Ann B. Stahl
Commentary:
Slide scanned by Veronique Plante
Geographic Coordinates:
8.142358, -2.383358

6. Top view of two calabash drums, Boase, 2018

Description:
Calabash drums accompany songs sung by Nafana women during the celebration of puberty (Manaa Ndiom) and marriage (Bijam) rites. These drums are played exclusively by women. The drums are made by filling a large hollowed-out calabash or gourd (chrɛ in Nafaanra) with water. A smaller calabash bowl (chrɛgbɔɔ in Nafaanra) floating upright in the water provides the surface on which the women drum. The small calabash ladles resting in the water are used to beat the up-turned floating calabash bowls and the rim of the large calabash. Visible at the bottom of the larger calabash drum are maize (bleju in Nafaanra) kernels tossed into the drum by passing dancers. Among the kernels are several pesewa coins also tossed in by dancers. Two views. Boase, 11 November, 2018.
Rights:
Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial
Publisher:
University of Victoria Libraries
Relation:
https://exhibits.library.uvic.ca/spotlight/iaff/catalog/17-17353 ; https://exhibits.library.uvic.ca/spotlight/iaff/catalog/17-17123 ; https://exhibits.library.uvic.ca/spotlight/iaff/catalog/17-17122
Location(s) Facet:
Boase
Subjects:
Bijam; Manaa Ndiom
Subjects Facet:
Gourd, Calabash; Puberty rites; Drums (musical instrument); Marriage customs and rites; Music; Rites and ceremonies
Creator:
Dr. Ann B. Stahl
Contributors:
Dr. Ann B. Stahl
Date searchable:
2018
Date searchable:
2018-11-11
Genre:
Digital image
Genre Facet:
Digital image
Format:
Image
Location(s):
Boase;8.018356, -2.298013
People Facet:
Dr. Ann B. Stahl
Geographic Coordinates:
8.018356, -2.298013

7. Courtyard kitchen area, Ahenkro, 1986

Description:
The courtyard kitchen area of a partially enclosed compound has two hearths with cooking equipment placed around. Several low stools and a wooden chair sit among metal pots, calabashes (gourds) and other kitchen items. A mortar and a basket sit to the right. A stack of dried blocks (right, rear) suggests that an addition to the compound is planned. More blocks are stored inside the open room whose wooden door has been removed. Ahenkro, July-August, 1986.
Rights:
Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial
Publisher:
University of Victoria Libraries
Location(s) Facet:
Ahenkro
Subjects:
Metal pots; Baskets
Subjects Facet:
Dwellings--Maintenance and repair; Thatched roofs; Mortars & pestles; Hearths; Gourd, Calabash; Courtyards; Bricks; Chairs; Housing; Stools
Creator:
Dr. Ann B. Stahl
Contributors:
Dr. Ann B. Stahl
Date searchable:
1986
Date searchable:
1986-07/08
Genre:
35 mm slide
Genre Facet:
35 mm slide
Location(s):
Ahenkro;8.164591, -2.355672
Date Digitized:
2016
People Facet:
Dr. Ann B. Stahl
Commentary:
Slide scanned by Veronique Plante
Geographic Coordinates:
8.164591, -2.355672

8. Collecting water from a dry river bed, Wewa, 1982

Description:
Until the late 1980s when boreholes were drilled in many villages, people in the Banda area relied on nearby springs, streams and rivers for daily water supplies. During the dry season, streams often dried up, while in drought years, even river beds became dry. Finding water was particularly difficult during the severe drought years of 1982-83. Here women from Wewa painstakingly collect water from a dry river bed west of the mountains in a process known as 'lawala' in Nafaanra. They scoop water with calabash bowls (chrԑgbͻͻ in Nafaanra). They have walked several kilometers to reach this place and were often faced with long waits before they could fill a headpan with water. Two photos. West of Wewa, December, 1982.
Rights:
Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial
Publisher:
University of Victoria Libraries
Relation:
https://exhibits.library.uvic.ca/spotlight/iaff/catalog/17-16795
Location(s) Facet:
Wewa
Subjects:
Headpans; Children's work; Women's work
Subjects Facet:
Gourd, Calabash; Water; Lifting and carrying
Identifier:
10; 11
Creator:
Dr. Ann B. Stahl
Contributors:
Dr. Ann B. Stahl
Date searchable:
1982
Date searchable:
1982-12
Genre:
;35 mm slide
Genre Facet:
35 mm slide
Location(s):
Wewa;8.082285, -2.414087
Date Digitized:
2016
People Facet:
Dr. Ann B. Stahl
Commentary:
Slide scanned by Veronique Plante
Geographic Coordinates:
8.082285, -2.414087

9. Spinning cotton thread, Gbao, 1982

Description:
Ma Fiԑn of Gbao (left) and Abena Wusu of Dompofie (right) spin cotton thread. Their spindles (gԑndԑ in Nafaanra) are weighted by fired clay spindle whorls (gԑndԑ kaan in Nafaanra) which help the spindle to maintain an even spin. Ma Fiԑn uses a calabash bowl as a spinning surface. Abena Wusu uses an enamel-ware bowl placed on a basket. They use their right hand to guide thread onto the spindle as it spins. In their left hand they hold the raw cotton from which the thread is being spun. They control the tension and flow of the cotton by alternately pulling back and easing their left hands. Thread forms as the spindle spins, with the finished product building up in layers toward the spindle's lower end, near the whorl. The baskets on top of which they spin used to store spinning equipment when not in use. Until recent decades, spinning was a routine household activity for women who then gave thread to men skilled in weaving to make cloth for the household. Spindle whorls found on archaeological sites dating to the late 18th and 19th centuries tell us that spinning was also a household activity during those centuries. In the photo's background harvested foods are drying (groundnut, cassava, chili pepper). A large basket and other containers (including a plastic tub) sit next to dried calabash ready to be sent to market. To the right, a clay water pot (chͻkoo in Nafaanra) rests on a metal basin and in the top right is a metal water barrel. Four photos. Gbao, September, 1982.
Rights:
Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial
Publisher:
University of Victoria Libraries
Relation:
https://exhibits.library.uvic.ca/spotlight/iaff/catalog/17-16830 ; https://exhibits.library.uvic.ca/spotlight/iaff/catalog/17-16831
Location(s) Facet:
Gbao
Subjects:
Plastic containers; Chͻkoo (chokoo); Cotton thread; Techniques; Water barrels; Women's work
Subjects Facet:
Gourd, Calabash; Enameled ware; Handicraft; Spinning; Spindle whorls; West African strip weaving; Baskets; Water
Identifier:
27; 23; 24; 25
Creator:
Dr. Ann B. Stahl
Contributors:
Dr. Ann B. Stahl
Date searchable:
1982
Date searchable:
1982-09
Genre:
;35 mm slide
Genre Facet:
35 mm slide
Location(s):
Gbao;8.147021, -2.362744
Date Digitized:
2016
People Facet:
Dr. Ann B. Stahl
Commentary:
Slide scanned by Veronique Plante
Geographic Coordinates:
8.147021, -2.362744

10. Women playing calabash drums, Boase, 2018

Description:
At an event showcasing the songs and dances associated with puberty (Manaa Ndiom) and wedding (Bijam) rites, two Boase women sit on low wooden stools as they play drums made from hollowed-out calabashes or gourds (chrɛ in Nafaanra). The large lower calabashes are supported by another container (a large tomato paste tin on the left and a plastic bowl on the right). A smaller calabash bowl (chrɛgbɔɔ in Nafaanra) floats upright in water contained within the larger calabash. The women create a rhythm by tapping the calabash ladles held in their right hands on the surface of the floating calabash and the rim of the larger calabash bowl. The kernels of maize (corn, or bleju in Nafaanra) clustered at the base of the larger calabash in the foreground have been tossed into the drum by dancers as they pass by. Another woman, seated upper left, holds a small calabash bowl filled with maize kernels which dancers will use as offerings. Boase, 11 November, 2018.
Rights:
Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial
Publisher:
University of Victoria Libraries
Relation:
https://exhibits.library.uvic.ca/spotlight/iaff/catalog/17-17123 ; https://exhibits.library.uvic.ca/spotlight/iaff/catalog/17-17353 ; https://exhibits.library.uvic.ca/spotlight/iaff/catalog/17-17326
Location(s) Facet:
Boase
Subjects:
Manaa Ndiom; Bijam
Subjects Facet:
Drums (musical instrument); Music; Rites and ceremonies; Gourd, Calabash; Puberty rites; Marriage customs and rites
Creator:
Dr. Ann B. Stahl
Contributors:
Dr. Ann B. Stahl
Date searchable:
2018
Date searchable:
2018-11-11
Genre:
Digital image
Genre Facet:
Digital image
Format:
Image
Location(s):
Boase;8.018356, -2.298013
People Facet:
Dr. Ann B. Stahl
Geographic Coordinates:
8.018356, -2.298013

11. Women playing calabash drums, Boase, 2018

Description:
At an event showcasing the songs and dances associated with puberty (Manaa Ndiom) and wedding (Bijam) rites, two Boase women play drums made from hollowed-out calabashes or gourds (chrɛ in Nafaanra). The large lower calabashes are supported by another container (a large tomato paste tin on the left and a plastic bowl on the right). A smaller calabash bowl (chrɛgbɔɔ in Nafaanra) floats upright in water contained within the larger calabash. The women create a rhythm by tapping the calabash ladles held in their right hands on the surface of the floating calabash and the rim of the larger calabash bowl. Women behind the drummers clap in accompaniment to the song. Boase, 11 November, 2018.
Rights:
Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial
Publisher:
University of Victoria Libraries
Relation:
https://exhibits.library.uvic.ca/spotlight/iaff/catalog/17-17326 ; https://exhibits.library.uvic.ca/spotlight/iaff/catalog/17-17122 ; https://exhibits.library.uvic.ca/spotlight/iaff/catalog/17-17353
Location(s) Facet:
Boase
Subjects:
Manaa Ndiom; Plastic containers; Bijam
Subjects Facet:
Drums (musical instrument); Music; Rites and ceremonies; Gourd, Calabash; Puberty rites; Marriage customs and rites
Creator:
Dr. Ann B. Stahl
Contributors:
Dr. Ann B. Stahl
Date searchable:
2018
Date searchable:
2018-11-11
Genre:
Digital image
Genre Facet:
Digital image
Format:
Image
Location(s):
Boase;8.018356, -2.298013
People Facet:
Dr. Ann B. Stahl
Geographic Coordinates:
8.018356, -2.298013

12. A calabash bowl with wedding gifts, Boase, 2018

Description:
At a performance showcasing the rituals associated with Nafana wedding rites (Bijam) organized by the chief and female elders of Boase, a weathered calabash or gourd bowl (chrɛgbɔɔ in Nafaanra) holds money (Ghanaian cedis) offered by well-wishers. A calabash lid rests on the ground nearby, its side mended with stitches. Boase, 11 November, 2018.
Rights:
Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial
Publisher:
University of Victoria Libraries
Location(s) Facet:
Boase
Subjects:
Cedis; Bijam; Money
Subjects Facet:
Rites and ceremonies; Gourd, Calabash; Marriage customs and rites
Creator:
Dr. Ann B. Stahl
Contributors:
Dr. Ann B. Stahl
Date searchable:
2018
Date searchable:
2018-11-11
Genre:
Digital image
Genre Facet:
Digital image
Format:
Image
Location(s):
Boase;8.018356, -2.298013
People Facet:
Dr. Ann B. Stahl
Geographic Coordinates:
8.018356, -2.298013

13. Farm shelter near Ahenkro, 1982

Description:
Interior view of a shelter constructed at farm with walls made from woven mats and a thatched roof supported by wooden poles around the shelter's perimeter. In the shelter's rear corner, calabash (gourd; chrԑ in Nafaanra) bowls and ladles rest on a low platform constructed of poles and thatch. Several other worn calabash and fired clay vessels are beneath the platform. A hearth, right foreground, is constructed of three stones in-between which dry wood collected from around the farm is placed. Several maize (corn; bleju in Nafaanra) shucks lie on the ground, lower left foreground. Farm near Ahenkro, September, 1982.
Rights:
Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial
Publisher:
University of Victoria Libraries
Relation:
https://exhibits.library.uvic.ca/spotlight/iaff/catalog/17-17118 ; https://exhibits.library.uvic.ca/spotlight/iaff/catalog/17-17120
Location(s) Facet:
Banda
Subjects:
Mats; Farm shelter; Maize
Subjects Facet:
Building; Farming; Gourd, Calabash; Basket making; Firewood; Corn
Identifier:
36
Creator:
Dr. Ann B. Stahl
Contributors:
Dr. Ann B. Stahl
Date searchable:
1982
Date searchable:
1982-09
Genre:
35 mm slide
Genre Facet:
35 mm slide
Format:
Image
Location(s):
Banda
Date Digitized:
2019-05-28
People Facet:
Dr. Ann B. Stahl
Commentary:
Slide scanned by Mark McIntyre

14. Members of Gbaŋmbԑ Katoo, Sanwa, 1986

Description:
Members of Gbaŋmbɛ Katoo demonstrate the use of a (partially constructed) balo or xylophone (sinyeele in Nafaanra). The instrument is played at special funerals, including those of the paramount chief. A calabash with a small hole lies beneath the instrument. Together with other calabashes of graded size (small to large), it serves as the instrument's resonating chamber when fully assembled. By striking the sinyeele's wooden keys with a mallet, a range of musical notes are produced by the differently sized calabashes. Nyua Kwadwo (male family head) holds the mallets he uses to play the sinyeele. On each wrist he wears an iron bangle or bracelet with metal jangles. To the left, a family member plays a drum made from a clay pot. Sanwa, 6 August, 1986.
Rights:
Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial
Publisher:
University of Victoria Libraries
Relation:
https://exhibits.library.uvic.ca/spotlight/iaff/catalog/17-17506 ; https://exhibits.library.uvic.ca/spotlight/iaff/catalog/17-16696
Location(s) Facet:
Sanwa
Subjects:
Family history; Gbaŋmbɛ [Gbangmbe] Katoo
Subjects Facet:
Drums (musical instrument); Music; Balo; Bangles; Funeral customs and rites; Oral history; Gourd, Calabash; Pottery; Xylophone
Creator:
Ann B. Stahl
Contributors:
Dr. Ann B. Stahl; James Anane
Date searchable:
1986
Date searchable:
1986-08-06
Genre:
35 mm slide
Genre Facet:
35 mm slide
Format:
Image
Location(s):
Sanwa;8.142199, -2.372039
Date Digitized:
2016
People Facet:
Ann B. Stahl
Commentary:
Slide scanned by Veronique Plante
Geographic Coordinates:
8.142199, -2.372039

15. Courtyard of a compound house, Makala, 1990

Description:
Kitchen area in the center of a courtyard house, with a large wooden mortar visible in the foreground. Women and youngsters are seated near hearths with a variety of serving and cooking vessels made of basketry, metal, calabash and plastic placed around the courtyard. The large metal drum in the background is used for water storage. Makala, June-July, 1990.
Rights:
Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial
Publisher:
University of Victoria Libraries
Location(s) Facet:
Makala
Subjects:
Metal pots; Water barrels; Plastic containers; Headpans
Subjects Facet:
Baskets; Mortars & pestles; Hearths; Gourd, calabash; Courtyards; Water; Housing
Identifier:
10
Creator:
Dr. Ann B. Stahl
Contributors:
Dr. Ann B. Stahl
Date searchable:
1990
Date searchable:
1990-06/07
Genre:
35 mm slide
Genre Facet:
35 mm slide
Location(s):
Makala;8.142462, -2.381817
Date Digitized:
2016
People Facet:
Dr. Ann B. Stahl
Commentary:
Slide scanned by Veronique Plante
Geographic Coordinates:
8.142462, -2.381817

16. Sacred beads in a calabash container, Ahenkro, 1995

Description:
The glass beads considered sacred and used in the puberty (Manaa Ndiom) and marriage (Bijam) rites of Nafana women are stored within a calabash bowl, its lid lying next to it. Most of the beads are imported varieties typical of those that circulated in the Atlantic trade period. On top of two other lidded calabash bowls rests a pair of iron manacles or shackles which are included among ritual paraphernalia. Ahenkro, July 1995.
Rights:
Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial
Publisher:
University of Victoria Libraries
Relation:
https://exhibits.library.uvic.ca/spotlight/iaff/catalog/17-16943; https://exhibits.library.uvic.ca/spotlight/iaff/catalog/17-16944
Location(s) Facet:
Ahenkro
Subjects:
Manaa Ndiom; Bijam; Manacles
Subjects Facet:
Rites and ceremonies; Glass beads; Nafana (African people); Gourd, Calabash; Puberty rites; Shackles; Ritual; Marriage customs and rites
Creator:
Alex Caton
Contributors:
Dr. Ann B. Stahl
Date searchable:
1995
Date searchable:
1995-07
Genre:
Photographic print
Genre Facet:
Photographic print
Format:
Image
Location(s):
Ahenkro;8.164906, -2.355708
Date Digitized:
2019-09-24
People Facet:
Alex Caton
Commentary:
Color print scanned by Ann B. Stahl
Geographic Coordinates:
8.164906, -2.355708

17. Floor of an interior courtyard, Makala, 1994

Description:
Large stones, some used as grindstones, are placed about the corner of this courtyard. Groundnut (peanut, boŋgrɛ in Nafaanra) shells lay on the ground at the feet of a child. A carved wooden stool appears alongside stools made from sawed boards, the latter typical of those taken to school by children each day and those used by women as they sit hearth-side while cooking. Two calabash bowls (chrԑgbͻͻ in Nafaanra) sit nearby. Makala, July, 1994.
Rights:
Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial
Publisher:
University of Victoria Libraries
Location(s) Facet:
Makala
Subjects:
Grindstones; Groundnuts (peanuts)
Subjects Facet:
Stools; Villages; Gourd, Calabash; Courtyards; Grinding; Housing; Building, Clay
Identifier:
38?
Creator:
Dr. Ann B. Stahl
Contributors:
Dr. Ann B. Stahl
Date searchable:
1994
Date searchable:
1994-07
Genre:
35 mm slide
Genre Facet:
35 mm slide
Location(s):
Makala;8.142358, -2.383358
Date Digitized:
2016
People Facet:
Dr. Ann B. Stahl
Commentary:
Slide scanned by Veronique Plante
Geographic Coordinates:
8.142358, -2.383358

18. Calabash atop a pedestaled clay funeral bowl, Dorbour, 1994

Description:
A calabash bowl (chrԑgbͻͻ in Nafaanra) containing water rests on top of a small pedestaled clay bowl (kontoŋdԑԑ in Nafaanra) used in funeral celebrations. The clay bowl is used by women to present food to the ancestors (sro waa in Nafaanra). Calabash rattles used in funeral celebrations sit nearby, some next to a basket. Dorbour, 1994.
Rights:
Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial
Publisher:
University of Victoria Libraries
Relation:
https://exhibits.library.uvic.ca/spotlight/iaff/catalog/17-16907
Location(s) Facet:
Dorbour
Subjects:
Rattles; Bowls; Ancestors; Dorbour
Subjects Facet:
Food preparation; Gourd, Calabash; Pottery
Identifier:
25
Creator:
Dr. M. Dores Cruz
Contributors:
Dr. Ann B. Stahl
Date searchable:
1994
Date searchable:
1994
Genre:
35 mm slide
Genre Facet:
35 mm slide
Location(s):
Dorbour;8.090342, -2.517137
Date Digitized:
2016
People Facet:
Dr. M. Dores Cruz
Commentary:
Slide scanned by Veronique Plante
Geographic Coordinates:
8.090342, -2.517137

19. Processing calabash ladles, Banda, 1982

Description:
Young men prepare calabash (gourd; chrԑ in Nafaanra) ladles for market. The calabash is split, its pulpy interior removed, and the gourd's interior surface scraped clean before drying. Banda, July, 1982.
Rights:
Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial
Publisher:
University of Victoria Libraries
Location(s) Facet:
Banda
Subjects:
Men's work
Subjects Facet:
Lagenaria siceraria; Agriculture; Gourd, Calabash; Cash crops
Identifier:
15
Creator:
Dr. Ann B. Stahl
Contributors:
Dr. Ann B. Stahl
Date searchable:
1982
Date searchable:
1982-07
Genre:
35 mm slide
Genre Facet:
35 mm slide
Location(s):
Banda
Date Digitized:
2016
People Facet:
Dr. Ann B. Stahl
Commentary:
Slide scanned by Veronique Plante

20. Splitting calabash prior to removing its seeds and pulp, Banda, 1982

Description:
Joshua Tandor uses a metal blade and a mallet to split a calabash (chrԑ in Nafaanra) in half. The pulp and seeds are removed and the calabash walls scraped clean before being set aside to dry. The resulting calabash bowls (chrԑgbͻͻ) are sold at market while the seeds are a prized soup ingredient (fnumu). Farmstead on the outskirts of Banda-Ahenkro, August, 1982.
Rights:
Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial
Publisher:
University of Victoria Libraries
Location(s) Facet:
Banda
Subjects:
Men's work
Subjects Facet:
Lagenaria siceraria; Agriculture; Cutting tools; Gourd, Calabash; Cash crops
Identifier:
18
Creator:
Dr. Ann B. Stahl
Contributors:
Dr. Ann B. Stahl
Date searchable:
1982
Date searchable:
1982-08
Genre:
35 mm slide
Genre Facet:
35 mm slide
Location(s):
Banda
Date Digitized:
2016
People Facet:
Dr. Ann B. Stahl
Commentary:
Slide scanned by Veronique Plante

21. Processing harvested calabash, Banda, 1982

Description:
Family members work together at farm to process calabash (gourd; chrԑ in Nafaanra) grown as both a cash crop and a source of household objects and its seeds as a soup ingredient. The men use large knives to split the calabash, after which they will remove its pulpy center and scrape its interior walls. Pictured here are (left to right) Maa Afia (girl), Ama Bosin (woman), O. K. Kwabena Krah, Nduo Wulo Kwadwo and Joshua Tandor. Farm on the outskirts of Banda-Ahenkro, August, 1982.
Rights:
Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial
Publisher:
University of Victoria Libraries
Location(s) Facet:
Banda
Subjects:
Farm work; Men's work
Subjects Facet:
Lagenaria siceraria; Agriculture; Gourd, Calabash; Cash crops
Identifier:
15
Creator:
Dr. Ann B. Stahl
Contributors:
Dr. Ann B. Stahl
Date searchable:
1982
Date searchable:
1982-07
Genre:
35 mm slide
Genre Facet:
35 mm slide
Location(s):
Banda
Date Digitized:
2016
People Facet:
Dr. Ann B. Stahl
Commentary:
Slide scanned by Veronique Plante

22. Intercropped farm field near Banda-Ahenkro, 1982

Description:
Typical farm from the 1980s, showing intercropping of yams (finyjie in Nafaanra), cassava (dwa), calabash (chrԑ) or gourd and other crops. Banda, 1982.
Rights:
Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial
Publisher:
University of Victoria Libraries
Location(s) Facet:
Banda
Subjects:
Farm fields
Subjects Facet:
Yams; Lagenaria siceraria; Intercropping; Agriculture; Farming; Gourd, Calabash; Cassava
Creator:
Dr. Ann B. Stahl
Contributors:
Dr. Ann B. Stahl
Date searchable:
1982
Date searchable:
1982
Genre:
35 mm slide
Genre Facet:
35 mm slide
Location(s):
Banda
Date Digitized:
2018
People Facet:
Dr. Ann B. Stahl
Commentary:
Slide scanned by Ann B. Stahl

23. Women preparing food, Sabiye, 1986

Description:
Women in the house of Brɛmawuo work together to prepare the main meal of the day. The wives of the house sit on low wooden stools as they prepare food at clustered hearths. Each hearth is made of three laterite stones which hold the cooking pot above the fire. The women use an array of metal cooking vessels, calabash bowls (chrԑgbͻͻ in Nafaanra) and a clay pot (on the front hearth). The clay pot was likely purchased from one of the potting villages on the west of the Banda hills. Beneath the thatched roof behind the women are hearths used during rainy weather. This house was revisited in November 2018 and several of the women pictured here were interviewed about how foodways have changed over the three decades since this photo was taken. Among the women pictured are (L-R) Adwoa Hana (stirring), Yaa Yaa Dankwa (Stirring), Ama Nwotwenwaa (holding a calabash), Abena Kuma, (standing in blue cloth) and Ama Mensah (standing in red cloth). Sabiye, 15 August 1986.
Rights:
Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial
Publisher:
University of Victoria Libraries
Relation:
https://exhibits.library.uvic.ca/spotlight/iaff/catalog/17-17145 ; https://exhibits.library.uvic.ca/spotlight/iaff/catalog/17-17144
Date:
1986-08-15
Location(s) Facet:
Sabiye
Subjects:
Bremawuo House
Subjects Facet:
Gourd, Calabash; Stools; Cooking; Hearths; Textiles; Food preparation; West African strip weaving; Pottery
Identifier:
0
Creator:
Dr. Ann B. Stahl
Contributors:
Dr. Ann B. Stahl
Date searchable:
1986
Date searchable:
1986-08-15
Genre:
;35 mm slide
Genre Facet:
35 mm slide
Location(s):
Sabiye;8.068359, -2.352164
Date Digitized:
2016
People Facet:
Dr. Ann B. Stahl
Commentary:
Slide scanned by Veronique Plante
Geographic Coordinates:
8.068359, -2.352164

24. Kwasi Millah processing calabash, Dompofie, 1995

Description:
Kwasi Millah of Dompofie sits under the shade of a tree while processing calabash (gourd) bowls (chrԑgbͻͻ in Nafaanra). The interior is scraped clean and the calabash set aside to dry. While some are kept for household use, many are sold at market. Once dried, the calabash bowls are durable utensils used for cooking, bathing, and other household tasks. Dompofie, June, 1995.
Rights:
Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial
Publisher:
University of Victoria Libraries
Location(s) Facet:
Dompofie
Subjects:
Men's work
Subjects Facet:
Lagenaria siceraria; Agriculture; Gourd, Calabash; Cash crops
Identifier:
35
Creator:
Dr. Ann B. Stahl
Contributors:
Dr. Ann B. Stahl
Date searchable:
1995
Date searchable:
1995-06
Genre:
35 mm slide
Genre Facet:
35 mm slide
Location(s):
Dompofie;8.14816667, -2.36777778
Date Digitized:
2016
People Facet:
Dr. Ann B. Stahl
Commentary:
Slide scanned by Veronique Plante
Geographic Coordinates:
8.14816667, -2.36777778

25. Calabash bowls drying at a farmstead, Banda, 1982

Description:
Cleaned calabash (gourd) bowls (chrԑgbͻͻ in Nafaanra) drying at Nduo Wulo Kwadwo's farm on the outskirts of Banda-Ahenkro, August, 1982.
Rights:
Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial
Publisher:
University of Victoria Libraries
Location(s) Facet:
Banda
Subjects:
Farm shelter
Subjects Facet:
Lagenaria siceraria; Agriculture; Gourd, Calabash; Cash crops
Identifier:
23
Creator:
Dr. Ann B. Stahl
Contributors:
Dr. Ann B. Stahl
Date searchable:
1982
Date searchable:
1982-08
Genre:
35 mm slide
Genre Facet:
35 mm slide
Location(s):
Banda
Date Digitized:
2016
People Facet:
Dr. Ann B. Stahl
Commentary:
Slide scanned by Veronique Plante

26. Women removing calabash seeds from pulp, Banda, 1982

Description:
Calabash (gourd) seeds (fnumu in Nafaanra) are a prized ingredient used to prepare a much-valued soup (fnumu chiin; calabash seed soup). The pulp is set aside to decay, making it easier to remove the seeds, which are then cleaned, dried, and cracked by hand to remove the seed coat. Here women on Nduo Wulo Kwadwo's farm outside Banda-Ahenkro prepare to carry seeds home for processing. Outskirts of Banda-Ahenkro, August, 1982.
Rights:
Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial
Publisher:
University of Victoria Libraries
Location(s) Facet:
Banda
Subjects:
Women's work; Fnumu chiin; Soup
Subjects Facet:
Lagenaria siceraria; Food processing; Agriculture; Gourd, Calabash
Identifier:
20
Creator:
Dr. Ann B. Stahl
Contributors:
Dr. Ann B. Stahl
Date searchable:
1982
Date searchable:
1982-08
Genre:
35 mm slide
Genre Facet:
35 mm slide
Location(s):
Banda
Date Digitized:
2016
People Facet:
Dr. Ann B. Stahl
Commentary:
Slide scanned by Veronique Plante

27. Processing calabash bowls, Banda, 1982

Description:
Nduo Wulo Kwadwo at farm, preparing calabash (gourd) bowls (chrԑgbͻͻ in Nafaanra) for market. After removing the pulp and seeds, he scrapes the gourd's interior surface with a metal blade to clean and thin its walls before drying. Farm on the outskirts of Banda-Ahenkro, August, 1982.
Rights:
Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial
Publisher:
University of Victoria Libraries
Location(s) Facet:
Banda
Subjects:
Men's work
Subjects Facet:
Lagenaria siceraria; Agriculture; Gourd, Calabash; Cash crops
Identifier:
16
Creator:
Dr. Ann B. Stahl
Contributors:
Dr. Ann B. Stahl
Date searchable:
1982
Date searchable:
1982-08
Genre:
35 mm slide
Genre Facet:
35 mm slide
Location(s):
Banda
Date Digitized:
2016
People Facet:
Dr. Ann B. Stahl
Commentary:
Slide scanned by Veronique Plante

28. Women pounding yam fufu, New Yam Festival, Ahenkro, 1982

Description:
The New Yam Festival (Finjie Lie in Nafaanra) marks the day when people can begin to eat the new crop of yams (finyjie in Nafaanra). Here women gather round a wooden mortar to pound cooked yam tubers to make fufu. Women pound with heavy, round-ended pestles. Working together, they use their pestles to pound and turn the fufu. Pestles hit the mortar's edge as they pound, creating a rhythmic accompaniment to their work. The musical sound of women and their helpers pounding fufu or grain was an integral part of the soundscape of village life in the earlier times. To the rear (right) calabashes (gourds, chrԑ in Nafaanra) wrapped in netting are ready to be sent to market. To the front sits a pottery grinding bowl (left), a calabash (center) and metal cooking pots (right). Ahenkro, 30 August, 1982.
Rights:
Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial
Publisher:
University of Victoria Libraries
Relation:
https://exhibits.library.uvic.ca/spotlight/iaff/catalog/17-17147 ; https://exhibits.library.uvic.ca/spotlight/iaff/catalog/17-17149
Location(s) Facet:
Ahenkro
Subjects:
Techniques; New Yam Festival; Fufu; Finyjie Lie (Festival); Women's work; Pounding; Metal pots
Subjects Facet:
Yams; Food preparation; Food processing; Mortars & pestles; Gourd, Calabash; Markets; Pottery
Identifier:
4
Creator:
Dr. Ann B. Stahl
Contributors:
Dr. Ann B. Stahl
Date searchable:
1982
Date searchable:
1982-08-30
Genre:
35 mm slide
Genre Facet:
35 mm slide
Location(s):
Ahenkro;8.164591, -2.355672
Date Digitized:
2016
People Facet:
Dr. Ann B. Stahl
Commentary:
Slide scanned by Veronique Plante
Geographic Coordinates:
8.164591, -2.355672

29. Pounding calabash seeds (fnumu), Ahenkro, 1986

Description:
Young boys (Kofi and Isaac, sons of James Anane) pound calabash seeds in preparation for making calabash seed soup (fnumu chiin in Nafaanra). They use a deep wooden mortar and pestles rounded at the base. A metal roof shelters the hearth in the background. A chicken searches for food as the boys work. Ahenkro, July-August, 1986.
Rights:
Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial
Publisher:
University of Victoria Libraries
Location(s) Facet:
Ahenkro
Subjects:
Fnumu; Children's work; Pounding
Subjects Facet:
Lagenaria siceraria; Food processing; Mortars & pestles; Hearths; Gourd, Calabash; Chickens
Creator:
Dr. Ann B. Stahl
Contributors:
Dr. Ann B. Stahl
Date searchable:
1986
Date searchable:
1986-07/08
Genre:
35 mm slide
Genre Facet:
35 mm slide
Location(s):
Ahenkro;8.163178, -2.356290
Date Digitized:
2016
People Facet:
Dr. Ann B. Stahl
Commentary:
Slide scanned by Veronique Plante
Geographic Coordinates:
8.163178, -2.356290

30. Funeral celebration, Gbao, 1986

Description:
Gbԑԑnlԑԑ Katoo in Gbao celebrates the funeral of the caretaker of a shrine who was understood to have been killed by the 'fetish' because of harm he allegedly planned against family members. In this case, the funeral involves special forms of drumming, dancing and songs as part of a thanksgiving to the shrine. Here, (L-R) Abena Gyakari, Akua Bedu and Akua Asԑmpasa play calabash rattles as Ma Millah (left) and another woman (right) dance. Gbao, 8 August, 1986.
Rights:
Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial
Publisher:
University of Victoria Libraries
Location(s) Facet:
Gbao
Subjects:
Rattles; Gbԑԑnlԑԑ (Gbeenlee) Katoo
Subjects Facet:
Rites and ceremonies; Funeral customs and rites; Gourd, Calabash
Creator:
Dr. Ann B. Stahl
Contributors:
Dr. Ann B. Stahl
Date searchable:
1986
Date searchable:
1986-08-08
Genre:
35 mm slide
Genre Facet:
35 mm slide
Location(s):
Gbao;8.147021, -2.362744
Date Digitized:
2016
People Facet:
Dr. Ann B. Stahl
Commentary:
Slide scanned by Veronique Plante
Geographic Coordinates:
8.147021, -2.362744

31. Women playing calabash drums, Boase, 2018

Description:
Calabash drums accompany songs sung by Nafana women during the celebration of puberty (Manaa Ndiom) and marriage (Bijam) rites. These drums are played exclusively by women. The drums are made by filling a large hollowed-out calabash or gourd (chrɛ in Nafaanra) with water. A smaller calabash bowl (chrɛgbɔɔ in Nafaanra) floating upright in the water provides the surface on which the women drum. This short video shows the technique by which women strike the floating calabash and the rim of the large calabash with small calabash ladles held in their right hands. Visible at the bottom of the larger calabash drum are maize (bleju in Nafaanra) kernels tossed into the drum by passing dancers. The women sing as they drum. Boase, 11 November, 2018. Length: .23 minutes.
Rights:
Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial
Publisher:
University of Victoria Libraries
Relation:
https://exhibits.library.uvic.ca/spotlight/iaff/catalog/17-17123 ; https://exhibits.library.uvic.ca/spotlight/iaff/catalog/17-17122 ; https://exhibits.library.uvic.ca/spotlight/iaff/catalog/17-17326
Location(s) Facet:
Boase
Subjects:
Techniques; Manaa Ndiom; Bijam; Maize
Subjects Facet:
Drums (musical instrument); Music; Rites and ceremonies; Nafana (African people); Gourd, Calabash; Puberty rites; Corn; Marriage customs and rites; Songs
Creator:
Dr. Ann B. Stahl
Contributors:
Dr. Ann B. Stahl
Language:
Nafaanra
Date searchable:
2018
Date searchable:
2018-11-11
Genre:
Digital video
Genre Facet:
Digital video
Format:
Video
Location(s):
Boase;8.018356, -2.298013
People Facet:
Dr. Ann B. Stahl
Sketchfab Uid:
Geographic Coordinates:
8.018356, -2.298013

32. Women preparing food, Ahenkro, 1986

Description:
Women in the central courtyard of a house compound in Ahenkro prepare the evening meal. A woman seated in the foreground readies dishes while women in the background cook over clustered hearths. A number of low stools are placed amidst a variety of metal, plastic and fired clay containers including buckets and pots. Calabash bowls (chrԑgbͻͻ in Nafaanra) are among the containers being used. A repurposed metal drum (center, back) holds water for household purposes. A raised platform is stacked with firewood brought by the women from farm and stored until needed. Thatch- and metal-roofed rooms surround the courtyard. Ahenkro, July-August, 1986.
Rights:
Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial
Publisher:
University of Victoria Libraries
Location(s) Facet:
Ahenkro
Subjects:
Metal pots; Plastic containers; Water barrels; Women's work
Subjects Facet:
Food preparation; Thatched roofs; Mortars & pestles; Metal roofing; Gourd, Calabash; Courtyards; Firewood; Hearths
Creator:
Dr. Ann B. Stahl
Contributors:
Dr. Ann B. Stahl
Date searchable:
1986
Date searchable:
1986-07/08
Genre:
35 mm slide
Genre Facet:
35 mm slide
Location(s):
Ahenkro;8.164591, -2.355672
Date Digitized:
2016
People Facet:
Dr. Ann B. Stahl
Commentary:
Slide scanned by Veronique Plante
Geographic Coordinates:
8.164591, -2.355672

33. Funeral celebration, Gbao, 1986

Description:
Gbԑԑnlԑԑ Katoo in Gbao celebrates the funeral of the caretaker of a shrine who was understood to have been killed by the 'fetish' because of harm he allegedly planned against family members. In this case, the funeral involves special forms of drumming, dancing and songs as part of a thanksgiving to the shrine. On the left, Yaw Ble plays an antelope antler horn while holding an iron gong in his right hand. To the right of women playing calabash rattles (Akua Bedu Wo and Akua Asԑmpasa) Kwame Fnaso (standing) plays the special drums associated with the shrine. Ma Millah (right, blue top) looks on. Gbao, 8 August, 1986.
Rights:
Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial
Publisher:
University of Victoria Libraries
Location(s) Facet:
Gbao
Subjects:
Rattles; Horn; Gbԑԑnlԑԑ (Gbeenlee) Katoo
Subjects Facet:
Drums (musical instrument); Rites and ceremonies; Funeral customs and rites; Gourd, Calabash; Gongs
Creator:
Dr. Ann B. Stahl
Contributors:
Dr. Ann B. Stahl
Date searchable:
1986
Date searchable:
1986-08-08
Genre:
35 mm slide
Genre Facet:
35 mm slide
Location(s):
Gbao;8.147021, -2.362744
Date Digitized:
2016
People Facet:
Dr. Ann B. Stahl
Commentary:
Slide scanned by Veronique Plante
Geographic Coordinates:
8.147021, -2.362744

34. Diesel-fueled corn mill, Banda-Ahenkro, 2009

Description:
A man operates a diesel-powered corn mill in a roofed shed while another adjusts a grain bag nearby. He grinds grain into a plastic container resting in a headpan. Another headpan filled with maize (corn, bledju in Nafaanra) sits in front with a calabash used as a scoop sitting on top. Other plastic and metal containers sit nearby. Diesel-powered grinding mills first began to be set up in Ahenkro in the 1980s. They have become more common over the years, reducing the need for maize and other dried foodstuffs to be pounded by hand in wooden mortars. At the same time, they have expanded the need for cash income as grinding has become part and parcel of household budgets. Ahenkro, 2009.
Rights:
Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial
Publisher:
University of Victoria Libraries
Location(s) Facet:
Ahenkro
Subjects:
Diesel engine; Automation; Headpans; Plastic containers; Men's work
Subjects Facet:
Grain mills; Gourd, Calabash; Grinding; Corn
Creator:
Devin Tepleski
Contributors:
Dr. Ann B. Stahl
Date searchable:
2009
Date searchable:
2009
Genre:
Digital image
Genre Facet:
Digital image
Location(s):
Ahenkro;8.164591, -2.355672
People Facet:
Devin Tepleski
Geographic Coordinates:
8.164591, -2.355672

35. Funeral celebration, Gbao, 1986

Description:
Gbԑԑnlԑԑ Katoo in Gbao celebrates the funeral of the caretaker of a shrine who was understood to have been killed by the 'fetish' because of harm he allegedly planned against family members. In this case, the funeral involves special forms of drumming, dancing and songs as part of a thanksgiving to the shrine. Here, (left) Yaw Ble wears a strip-woven smock as he plays an antelope antler horn. He holds an iron gong in his right hand. Next to him Kwabena Nika plays a double iron gong and women (L-R: Abena Gyakari, Akua Bedu Wo and Akua Asԑmpasa) play calabash rattles. Amma Num (black head scarf, back right) looks on. Gbao, 8 August, 1986.
Rights:
Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial
Publisher:
University of Victoria Libraries
Location(s) Facet:
Gbao
Subjects:
Gbԑԑnlԑԑ (Gbeenlee) Katoo
Subjects Facet:
Drums (musical instrument); Rites and ceremonies; Funeral customs and rites; Gourd, Calabash; Gongs
Creator:
Dr. Ann B. Stahl
Contributors:
Dr. Ann B. Stahl
Date searchable:
1986
Date searchable:
1986-08-08
Genre:
35 mm slide
Genre Facet:
35 mm slide
Location(s):
Gbao;8.147021, -2.362744
Date Digitized:
2016
People Facet:
Dr. Ann B. Stahl
Commentary:
Slide scanned by Veronique Plante
Geographic Coordinates:
8.147021, -2.362744

36. Hearths in Dorbour, 1994

Description:
Hearths in a Dorbour household. One of three visible hearths is in use, a metal cooking pot suspended over a fire fueled by firewood. A wooden mortar and several pestles are at ready in the background. In the foreground (right) a clay cooking pot rests on top of a metal basin that has been re-purposed as a pot stand. A large metal pot, a calabash bowl (chrԑgbͻͻ in Nafaanra) and a plastic cup sit behind the clay pot. Dorbour, 1994.
Rights:
Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial
Publisher:
University of Victoria Libraries
Location(s) Facet:
Dorbour
Subjects:
Metal pots; Plastic containers
Subjects Facet:
Food preparation; Mortars & pestles; Hearths; Gourd, Calabash; Pottery; Firewood
Identifier:
19
Creator:
Dr. M. Dores Cruz
Contributors:
Dr. Ann B. Stahl
Date searchable:
1994
Date searchable:
1994
Genre:
35 mm slide
Genre Facet:
35 mm slide
Location(s):
Dorbour;8.090342, -2.517137
Date Digitized:
2016
People Facet:
Dr. M. Dores Cruz
Commentary:
Slide scanned by Veronique Plante
Geographic Coordinates:
8.090342, -2.517137

37. Funeral celebration, Gbao, 1986

Description:
Gbԑԑnlԑԑ Katoo in Gbao celebrates the funeral of the caretaker of a shrine who was understood to have been killed by the 'fetish' because of harm he allegedly planned against family members. In this case, the funeral involves special forms of drumming, dancing and songs as part of a thanksgiving to the shrine. Here, left, Kwabena Nika plays a double gong while to his right Abena Gyakari and Ma Millah sing and play calabash rattles. The drums being played are those specifically associated with the shrine. Gbao, 8 August, 1986.
Rights:
Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial
Publisher:
University of Victoria Libraries
Location(s) Facet:
Gbao
Subjects:
Rattles; Gbԑԑnlԑԑ (Gbeenlee) Katoo
Subjects Facet:
Drums (musical instrument); Rites and ceremonies; Funeral customs and rites; Gourd, Calabash; Gongs
Creator:
Dr. Ann B. Stahl
Contributors:
Dr. Ann B. Stahl
Date searchable:
1986
Date searchable:
1986-08-08
Genre:
35 mm slide
Genre Facet:
35 mm slide
Location(s):
Gbao;8.147021, -2.362744
Date Digitized:
2016
People Facet:
Dr. Ann B. Stahl
Commentary:
Slide scanned by Veronique Plante
Geographic Coordinates:
8.147021, -2.362744

38. Road leading to Kabruno from Ahenkro, 1982

Description:
A woman carries a load of calabashes (chrԑ in Nafaanra) en route to Kabruno from Ahenkro during the dry season. View looking south from the south edge of Ahenkro on the old road that led directly into Kabruno. December, 1982.
Rights:
Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial
Publisher:
University of Victoria Libraries
Relation:
https://exhibits.library.uvic.ca/spotlight/iaff/catalog/17-16822 ; https://exhibits.library.uvic.ca/spotlight/iaff/catalog/17-16806
Location(s) Facet:
Kabruno
Subjects:
Headloading; Dry season
Subjects Facet:
Lagenaria siceraria; Roads; Gourd, Calabash; Cash crops; Lifting and carrying
Identifier:
1
Creator:
Dr. Ann B. Stahl
Contributors:
Dr. Ann B. Stahl
Date searchable:
1982
Date searchable:
1982-12
Genre:
35 mm slide
Genre Facet:
35 mm slide
Location(s):
Kabruno;8.162890, -2.356993
Date Digitized:
2016
People Facet:
Dr. Ann B. Stahl
Commentary:
Slide scanned by Veronique Plante
Geographic Coordinates:
8.162890, -2.356993

39. Spindle wrapped with cotton thread, Ahenkro, 2019

Description:
A wooden spindle thickly wrapped with cotton thread rests in a large calabash bowl. The bowl sits on a wooden stool adjacent to the legs of blue plastic chairs on which elder women sit at a Banda Heritage Celebration held at the Banda Cultural Centre. One woman wears a strip-woven textile made with black, white, red and yellow threads. Bottom right is the basket in which she stores her spinning supplies. Ahenkro, 28 June, 2019.
Rights:
Creative Commons Attribution--NonCommercial
Publisher:
University of Victoria Libraries
Date:
2019-06-28
Location(s) Facet:
Ahenkro
Subjects:
Banda Cultural Centre; Cotton thread
Subjects Facet:
West African strip weaving; Gourd, Calabash; Textiles; Spinning
Creator:
Dr. Ann B. Stahl
Date searchable:
2019-06-28
Genre:
Digital image
Genre Facet:
Digital image
Format:
Image
Location(s):
Ahenkro;8.165961, -2.354312
Sketchfab Uid:
Geographic Coordinates:
8.165961, -2.354312

40. Calabash Use, Banda Area, Ghana, 1982-2019

Description:
This short video made from still images and video footage shows calabash processing and use in the Banda area, Ghana. Original images and footage are available in the Banda Through Time Repository. Banda, 1982-2019. Length: 5:02 minutes.
Rights:
Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial
Publisher:
University of Victoria Libraries
Date:
2019
Location(s) Facet:
Banda; Brong-Ahafo Region
Subjects Facet:
Gourd, Calabash; Cash crops; Farming; Songs; Music; Rites and ceremonies; Drums (musical instrument); Xylophone; Rattles
Creator:
Holly Marsh
Contributors:
Dr. Ann B. Stahl; Dr. M. Dores Cruz
Language:
English
Date searchable:
1982-2019
Genre:
Digital video
Genre Facet:
Digital video
Format:
Video
Language Facet:
English
Location(s):
Banda; Brong-Ahafo Region
Sketchfab Uid:
Commentary:
Video made from still images, video footage, and audio in iMovie and Adobe Premiere Pro.

41. Banda Heritage Event: Kuulo Celebrations, 2019

Description:
At a day-long celebration of the Banda area's rich cultural heritage at the Banda Cultural Centre in Banda-Ahenkro, Kuulo people from Dompofie share customs associated with their wedding celebrations. A bride and groom accompanied by two girls sit as women sing songs of praise and dance in a circle around them. A pot containing pito (locally brewed grain beer) sits in front of them. The women wear strip-woven local cloth wraps around their waists. In an opening song, the women beat rhythms with calabash gourd drinking bowls as they dance. The gourds are placed in front of the newly married couple after the first dance. After the final dance, the calabash bowls are used to catch overflowing beer poured from the pito pot, signaling that the bride was a virgin when married. Ahenkro, 28 June, 2019. Length: 00:20:21 minutes.
Rights:
Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial
Publisher:
University of Victoria Libraries
Date:
2019-06-28
Location(s) Facet:
Ahenkro
Subjects:
Performance; Kuulo, Dompo (African people)
Subjects Facet:
Dance; Songs; Music; Rites and Ceremonies; Marriage customs and rites; Gourd, Calabash; West African strip weaving; Heritage
Creator:
Dr. Ann B. Stahl
Contributors:
Daniel Kofi Nakpah
Date searchable:
2019
Date searchable:
2019-06-28
Genre Facet:
Digital video
Format:
Video
Source:
Dr. Ann B. Stahl
Language Facet:
Dompo; Nafaanra; English
Location(s):
Ahenkro;8.166006, -2.354521
People Facet:
Daniel Kofi Nakpah
Sketchfab Uid:
Geographic Coordinates:
8.166006, -2.354521

42. Shelling calabash seeds, Sabiye, 2018

Description:
Three women (L-R, Ama Mensah, Ama Nwotwenwaa and Adwoa Hana) remove the kernels from calabash seeds by bending the individual seed to crack it open. The dried kernels are a valued ingredient (fnumu in Nafaanra) used to flavor soups and stews. Sabiye, 11 November, 2018. Length: 00:00:20.
Rights:
Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial
Publisher:
University of Victoria Libraries
Date:
2018-11-13
Location(s) Facet:
Sabiye
Subjects:
Women's work
Subjects Facet:
Gourd, calabash; Food preparation; Food processing
Creator:
Dr. Ann B. Stahl
Contributors:
Ama Mensah; Ama Nwotwenwaa; Adwoa Hana
Date searchable:
2018
Date searchable:
2018-11-13
Genre Facet:
Digital video
Format:
Video
Source:
Dr. Ann B. Stahl
Location(s):
Sabiye;8.067457, -2.352546
People Depicted:
Ama Mensah; Ama Nwotwenwaa; Adwoa Hana
Sketchfab Uid:
Geographic Coordinates:
8.067457, -2.352546

43. Banda Heritage Event: Boase Bijam Celebration, 2019

Description:
At a day-long celebration of the Banda area's rich cultural heritage at the Banda Cultural Centre in Banda-Ahenkro, Nafana people from Boase share customs associated with their wedding celebrations (Bijam). Two young women dressed as brides wear local strip woven cloth and carry walking sticks as they approach the Banda Cultural Centre, accompanied by female relatives and young girls dressed in nubility attire. After circling the event grounds, the girls are seated and the women perform a series of songs and dances accompanied by calabash drums. Men and women well-wishers toss maize kernels in the water of the calabash drums as they dance. Afterwards, the brides, covered by cloth, dance behind an elder relative as other women prepare their path by pouring water from a bucket. Afterwards, locally made grain beer (pito) is poured into a calabash, overflowing to signal that the brides were virgins at the time of their marriage.In a final dance, female relatives dance with a bowl of food, after which gifts are presented to the bride's family. Many of the women wear locally made strip-woven blue-and-white textiles as wraps. Ahenkro, 28 June, 2019. Length: 00:22:01 minutes.
Rights:
Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial
Publisher:
University of Victoria Libraries
Date:
2019-06-28
Location(s) Facet:
Ahenkro
Subjects:
Performance; Nafana (African people)
Subjects Facet:
Dance; Songs; Music; Rites and Ceremonies; Marriage customs and rites; Gourd, Calabash; West African strip weaving; Drums (musical instrument); Heritage
Creator:
Dr. Ann B. Stahl
Date searchable:
2019
Date searchable:
2019-06-28
Genre Facet:
Digital video
Format:
Video
Source:
Dr. Ann B. Stahl
Language Facet:
Nafaanra; English
Location(s):
Ahenkro;8.166006, -2.354521
People Facet:
Tolԑԑ Ligbi Wulotei
Sketchfab Uid:
Commentary:
Film produced using Adobe Premiere Pro 2021
Geographic Coordinates:
8.166006, -2.354521

44. Banda Heritage Event: Ahenkro Celebrations, 2019

Description:
At a day-long celebration of the Banda area's rich cultural heritage at the Banda Cultural Centre in Banda-Ahenkro, people from Ahenkro share Nafana songs and dances associated with with girls' puberty rites (Manaa Ndiom) and wedding celebrations (Bijam). The film opens with photos of girls dressed in Manaa Ndiom attire during the 1995 inauguration of the Banda Cultural Centre. A series of songs and dances performed at the 2019 event follows, accompanied by the rhythms of calabash drums, calabash rattles and, in some cases, a wooden drum. The group is joined in the first song by District Chief Executive Mary Konneh who plays calabash rattles and dances. Seated under the shade of the canopy, Afua Donkor demonstrates how to spin cotton while others sing and dance. Young people can be seen using their cell phones to record the action. Many of the Elder women who perform wear locally made strip-woven blue-and-white textiles as skirt wraps. Ahenkro, 28 June, 2019. Length: 00:15:57 minutes.
Rights:
Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial
Publisher:
University of Victoria Libraries
Date:
2019-06-28
Subjects:
Performance; Cell phones
Subjects Facet:
Nafana (African people); Dance; Songs; Music; Rites and Ceremonies; Marriage customs and rites; Gourd, Calabash; West African strip weaving; Drums (musical instrument); Rattles; Heritage
Creator:
Dr. Ann B. Stahl
Date searchable:
2019
Date searchable:
2019-06-28
Genre Facet:
Digital video
Format:
Video
Source:
Dr. Ann B. Stahl
Language Facet:
Nafaanra; English
Location(s):
Ahenkro;8.166006, -2.354521
People Facet:
Mary Konneh; Lelɛɛ Akosua Kepefu
Sketchfab Uid:
Commentary:
Film produced using Adobe Premiere Pro 2021
Geographic Coordinates:
8.166006, -2.354521

45. Forming a ball of fuura using a calabash, Ahenkro, 2014

Description:
A woman uses a calabash bowl ( chrɛgbɔɔ in Nafaanra) to form a ball of fuura. The food is made from fermented pearl millet, which is ground and mixed together with ground spices and water. The mixture is formed into balls which are boiled. Here some of the boiled, pounded dough is being shaped into a ball, which will be rolled in ground millet before serving. This dish was prepared and served at the Olden Times Food Fair held at the Banda Cultural Centre with sponsorship from Amanda L. Logan. Ahenkro, 30 July, 2014.
Rights:
Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial
Publisher:
University of Victoria Libraries
Relation:
https://exhibits.library.uvic.ca/spotlight/iaff/catalog/17-19483; https://exhibits.library.uvic.ca/spotlight/iaff/catalog/17-19486; https://exhibits.library.uvic.ca/spotlight/iaff/catalog/17-19485; https://exhibits.library.uvic.ca/spotlight/iaff/catalog/17-19482
Location(s) Facet:
Ahenkro
Subjects:
Women's work
Subjects Facet:
Gourd, calabash; Pearl millet; Foodways; Food preparation; Food processing; Lagenaria siceraria
Creator:
Amanda L. Logan
Date searchable:
2014
Date searchable:
2014-07-30
Genre Facet:
Digital image
Format:
Image
Source:
Dr. Amanda L. Logan
Location(s):
Ahenkro;8.165892, -2.354363
Sketchfab Uid:
Geographic Coordinates:
8.165892, -2.354363

46. Mixing wehan, a cassava-based dish, Ahenkro, 2014

Description:
A woman uses her hand to mix water into a flour made from ground dawadawa (Parkia biglobosa) beans and cassava flour held in a calabash bowl (chrɛgbɔɔ in Nafaanra). The moistened mixture will be steamed in a pot to make wehan. The cooked cake is eaten with a sauce made from shea oil, pepper, garden eggs and salt. This dish was prepared and served at the Olden Times Food Fair held at the Banda Cultural Centre with sponsorship from Amanda L. Logan. Ahenkro, 31 July, 2014.
Rights:
Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial
Publisher:
University of Victoria Libraries
Location(s) Facet:
Ahenkro
Subjects:
Dawadawa; Women's work
Subjects Facet:
Cassava; Gourd, calabash; Parkia biglobosa; Foodways; Food preparation; Food processing
Creator:
Amanda L. Logan
Date searchable:
2014
Date searchable:
2014-07-31
Genre Facet:
Digital image
Format:
Image
Source:
Dr. Amanda L. Logan
Location(s):
Ahenkro;8.165892, -2.354363
Sketchfab Uid:
Geographic Coordinates:
8.165892, -2.354363

47. Handwoven textile called Mmɔlɔ Kyara and a spindle of cotton thread, Ahenkro, 2014

Description:
Two textiles made from handwoven cotton strips rest on an aluminum tray, together with a spindle wrapped with locally made cotton thread, next to which is some unspun fluffed cotton. This blue-and-white cloth design is known as Mmɔlɔ Kyara. Visible at the top of the image are two baskets in which women keep their spinning equipment. To the right, a calabash ladle rests inside a calabash bowl (chrԑgbͻͻ in Nafaanra). These heirloom objects were among displays at a Heritage Day and Olden Times Food Fair held at the Banda Cultural Centre with sponsorship by Dr. Amanda L. Logan. Ahenkro, 31 July, 2014.
Rights:
Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial
Publisher:
University of Victoria Libraries
Location(s) Facet:
Ahenkro
Subjects Facet:
Textiles; West African strip weaving; Weaving; Spinning; Handicraft; Baskets; Gourd, calabash
Creator:
Amanda L. Logan
Date searchable:
2014
Date searchable:
2014-07-31
Genre Facet:
Digital image
Format:
Image
Language Facet:
Nafaanra
Location(s):
Ahenkro;8.165892, -2.354363
Sketchfab Uid:
Geographic Coordinates:
8.165892, -2.354363

48. Handwoven textiles called Mmɔlɔ Kyara, Ahenkro, 2014

Description:
Two textiles made from handwoven cotton strips rest on an aluminum tray, together with a spindle wrapped with locally made cotton thread, next to which is some unspun fluffed cotton. This blue-and-white cloth design is known as Mmɔlɔ Kyara. Visible at the top of the image are two baskets in which women keep their spinning equipment. To the right, a calabash ladle rests inside a calabash bowl (chrԑgbͻͻ in Nafaanra). These heirloom objects were among displays at a Heritage Day and Olden Times Food Fair held at the Banda Cultural Centre with sponsorship by Dr. Amanda L. Logan. Ahenkro, 31 July, 2014.
Rights:
Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial
Publisher:
University of Victoria Libraries
Location(s) Facet:
Ahenkro
Subjects Facet:
Textiles; West African strip weaving; Weaving; Spinning; Handicraft; Baskets; Gourd, calabash
Creator:
Amanda L. Logan
Date searchable:
2014
Date searchable:
2014-07-31
Genre Facet:
Digital image
Format:
Image
Source:
Dr. Amanda L. Logan
Language Facet:
Nafaanra
Location(s):
Ahenkro;8.165892, -2.354363
Sketchfab Uid:
Geographic Coordinates:
8.165892, -2.354363

49. Cashew tree on a Banda area farm, 1995

Description:
A cashew tree (Anacardium sp.) grows in an agricultural field planted (foreground) with calabash (Lagenaria siceraria). Sampson Attah stands near the tree. Calabash has long been grown as a cash crop for local and regional sale in the Banda area. When cashew trees were first planted in the area from the mid-1990s, they were grown singly or in small numbers. A growing shift to cashew farming in the area during the early 2000s was accompanied by the planting of large stands of cashew trees referred to locally as "plantations." Banda area, June, 1995.
Rights:
Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial
Publisher:
University of Victoria Libraries
Date:
1995-06
Location(s) Facet:
Banda
Subjects:
Cashew; Anacardium; Agricultural field
Subjects Facet:
Agriculture; Farming;Gourd, calabash; Lagenaria siceraria; Cash crop
Creator:
Dr. Ann B. Stahl
Date searchable:
1995
Date searchable:
1995-06
Genre Facet:
35 mm slide
Format:
Image
Location(s):
Banda, Bono, Ghana
Date Digitized:
2020
Sketchfab Uid:

50. Funeral celebration, Gbao, 1986

Description:
Gbԑԑnlԑԑ Katoo in Gbao celebrates the funeral of the caretaker of a shrine. After falling ill and dying, the man was understood to have been killed by the 'fetish' because of harm he was alleged to be planning against family members. In this case, the funeral involves special forms of drumming, dancing and songs as part of a thanksgiving to the shrine. On the left, Yaw Ble plays an antelope antler horn while holding an iron gong in his right hand. Next (right), Kwabena Nika plays a double iron gong with a wooden hammer. Abena Gyakari, Akua Bedu Wo, and Akua Asԑmpasa (blue top) play calabash rattles. Standing, Kwame Fnaso plays the special drums associated with the shrine. Gbao, 8 August, 1986.
Rights:
Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial
Publisher:
University of Victoria Libraries
Location(s) Facet:
Gbao
Subjects:
Gbԑԑnlԑԑ (Gbeenlee) Katoo; Atumpan drums
Subjects Facet:
Rites and ceremonies; Funeral customs and rites; Gourd, Calabash; Gongs; Drums (musical instrument)
Creator:
Dr. Ann B. Stahl
Contributors:
Dr. Ann B. Stahl
Date searchable:
1986
Date searchable:
1986-08-08
Genre:
35 mm slide
Genre Facet:
35 mm slide
Format:
Image
Location(s):
Gbao;8.147021, -2.362744
Date Digitized:
2016
People Facet:
Dr. Ann B. Stahl
Commentary:
Slide scanned by Veronique Plante
Geographic Coordinates:
8.147021, -2.362744

51. Funeral celebration, Gbao, 1986

Description:
Gbԑԑnlԑԑ Katoo in Gbao celebrates the funeral of the caretaker of a shrine who was understood to have been killed by the 'fetish' because of harm he allegedly planned against family members. In this case, the funeral involves special forms of drumming, dancing and songs as part of a thanksgiving to the shrine. On the left, Yaw Ble plays an antelope antler horn while holding an iron gong in his right hand. Abena Gyakari, Akua Bedu Wo, and Akua Asԑmpasa (blue top) play calabash rattles. Standing, Kwame Fnaso plays the special drums associated with the shrine. Looking on, right, is James Anane. Two photos. Gbao, 8 August, 1986.
Rights:
Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial
Publisher:
University of Victoria Libraries
Location(s) Facet:
Gbao
Subjects:
Rattles; Gbԑԑnlԑԑ (Gbeenlee) Katoo; Horn; Atumpan drums
Subjects Facet:
Gourd, Calabash; Gongs; Drums (musical instrument); Funeral customs and rites; Rites and ceremonies
Creator:
Dr. Ann B. Stahl
Contributors:
Dr. Ann B. Stahl
Date searchable:
1986
Date searchable:
1986-08-08
Genre:
35 mm slide
Genre Facet:
35 mm slide
Format:
Image
Source:
Dr. Ann B. Stahl
Location(s):
Gbao;8.147021, -2.362744
Date Digitized:
2016
People Facet:
Dr. Ann B. Stahl
Commentary:
Slide scanned by Veronique Plante
Geographic Coordinates:
8.147021, -2.362744

52. Funeral celebration, Gbao, 1986

Description:
Gbԑԑnlԑԑ Katoo in Gbao celebrates the funeral of the caretaker of a shrine who was understood to have been killed by the 'fetish' because of harm he allegedly planned against family members. In this case, the funeral involves special forms of drumming, dancing and songs as part of a thanksgiving to the shrine. Here, Yaw Ble wears a strip-woven smock as he plays an antelope antler horn and dances. To the left, women play calabash rattles and Kwabena Nika plays a double iron gong. Drums that belong to the shrine are played as he dances. Four photos. Gbao, 8 August, 1986.
Rights:
Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial
Publisher:
University of Victoria Libraries
Location(s) Facet:
Gbao
Subjects:
Rattles; Gbԑԑnlԑԑ (Gbeenlee) Katoo; Horn; Atumpan drums
Subjects Facet:
Gourd, Calabash; Gongs; Drums (musical instrument); Funeral customs and rites; West African strip weaving; Rites and ceremonies
Creator:
Dr. Ann B. Stahl
Contributors:
Dr. Ann B. Stahl
Date searchable:
1986
Date searchable:
1986-08-08
Genre:
35 mm slide
Genre Facet:
35 mm slide
Format:
Image
Location(s):
Gbao;8.147021, -2.362744
Date Digitized:
2016
People Facet:
Dr. Ann B. Stahl
Commentary:
Slide scanned by Veronique Plante
Geographic Coordinates:
8.147021, -2.362744

53. Women playing calabash rattles at a heritage celebration, 2019

Description:
Nafana women play calabash rattles as they sing songs associated with customary puberty and marriage celebrations at a heritage celebration organized by the Banda Heritage Initiative. Two women from Ahenkro are joined (left) by District Chief Executive Mary Komeh (white blouse). Ahenkro, 28 June, 2019.
Rights:
Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial
Publisher:
University of Victoria Libraries
Relation:
https://exhibits.library.uvic.ca/spotlight/iaff/catalog/17-19219
Location(s) Facet:
Ahenkro
Subjects:
Banda Cultural Centre; Manaa Ndiom; Bijam; Rattles
Subjects Facet:
Heritage; Community event; Rites and ceremonies; Nafana (African people); Gourd, Calabash; Puberty rites; Marriage customs and rites
Creator:
Kelvin Asare
Date searchable:
2019
Date searchable:
2019-06-28
Genre Facet:
Digital image
Format:
Image
Source:
Dr. Ann B. Stahl
Location(s):
Ahenkro;8.165961, -2.354312
Geographic Coordinates:
8.165961, -2.354312

54. Women of Boase at a heritage celebration, 2019

Description:
Women from Boase sit together under a canopy at a heritage celebration organized by the Banda Heritage Initiative. Young women dressed in attire associated with marriage (Bijam) and puberty (Manaa Ndiom) celebrations are seated in the center. To the left are three large calabashes filled with water on which the women will float smaller calabash bowls. These are used as drums to accompany songs sung during marriage and puberty celebrations. Ahenkro, 28 June, 2019.
Rights:
Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial
Publisher:
University of Victoria Libraries
Relation:
https://exhibits.library.uvic.ca/spotlight/iaff/catalog/17-17353; https://exhibits.library.uvic.ca/spotlight/iaff/catalog/17-19218
Location(s) Facet:
Ahenkro
Subjects:
Banda Cultural Centre; Manaa Ndiom; Bijam
Subjects Facet:
Heritage; Community event; Drums (musical instrument); Rites and ceremonies; Nafana (African people); Gourd, Calabash; Puberty rites; Marriage customs and rites
Creator:
Kelvin Asare
Date searchable:
2019
Date searchable:
2019-06-28
Genre Facet:
Digital image
Format:
Image
Source:
Dr. Ann B. Stahl
Location(s):
Ahenkro;8.165961, -2.354312
Geographic Coordinates:
8.165961, -2.354312